Synonyms

 Source

Source

Report Structure

Reported Statement

A reported statement begins with the main clause and followed by the content of the quote as it relates to the speaker in time, person, place, and direction, at the moment of speaking. 

The subordinating marker that links the reported speech to the main clause.               

Main Clause	Reported Speech
She said	that it was raining there.
She informed us	that it had been raining there, but it wasn't now.
She replied	that she would meet me at that cafe the next day.
She declared	that the umbrella was hers.

Source

Sentence Types Exercise

Choose the correct answer.

1.  Pauline and Bruno have a big argument every summer over where they should spend their summer vacation.
 A. Simple Sentence
 B. Compound Sentence
 C. Complex Sentence
 D. Compound-Complex Sentence

2.  Pauline loves to go to the beach and spend her days sunbathing.
 A. Simple Sentence
 B. Compound Sentence
 C. Complex Sentence
 D. Compound-Complex Sentence

3.  Bruno, on the other hand, likes the view that he gets from the log cabin up in the mountains, and he enjoys hiking in the forest.
 A. Simple Sentence
 B. Compound Sentence
 C. Complex Sentence
 D. Compound-Complex Sentence

4.  Pauline says there is nothing relaxing about chopping wood, swatting mosquitoes, and cooking over a woodstove.
 A. Simple Sentence
 B. Compound Sentence
 C. Complex Sentence
 D. Compound-Complex Sentence

5.  Bruno dislikes sitting on the beach; he always gets a nasty sunburn.
 A. Simple Sentence
 B. Compound Sentence
 C. Complex Sentence
 D. Compound-Complex Sentence





Answers
1.C     2.A     3.D     4.C     5.B

Source

Tenses Exercise

Choose the correct answer.

1. Her hand is not ______ of metal. It's her ring that ______ the clunking noise.   

(A) makes, made  

(B) making, made

(C) made, is making  

(D) were made, are making  

   

2.The magician ______ a rabbit out of his head and then ______ it fly.  

(A) pulled, makes  

(B) pulls, made

(C) pulled, making  

(D) pulls, makes  

   

3.Go to ______. You look tired.   

(A) sleep

(B) sleeping

(C) slept  

(D) are sleeping  

   

4.Can I ______ a minute with you to talk about Friday's surprise party ?  

(A) have  

(B) has

(C) was  

(D) were  

   

5.The noisy toy ______ me nuts ! Switch it off !  

(A) drove  

(B) drive

(C) is driving  

(D) will drive  

     

6.They ______ having soccer practice in school.  

(A) was  

(B) are

(C) am  

(D) is  

   

7.The cheapest way to get to the town center is by ______ the rail transit.  

(A) taking  

(B) had taken

(C) takes  

(D) took  

     

8."I don't believe we ______," the actor said as he kissed the tycoon's wife's hand.   

(A) meet  

(B) meets  

(C) meeting  

(D) have met  

       

9."Red ______ stop, so we should stop our cars when we see a red light," said the driving instructor to his class.       

(A) mean  

(B) meant  

(C) is meaning  

(D) means  

       

10.Let's ______ to the library to find references that we can use.      

(A) get  

(B) getting  

(C) got  

(D) gets

Answers 1.C    2.D    3.A    4.A    5.C    6.B    7.A    8.D    9.D    10.A

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Anaphoric and Cataphoric References

Anaphoric Reference

• When we speak or write, we refer back to something that has already been mentioned or make a connection with it.
• The word in a text that refers back to other ideas in the text for its meaning is called anaphoric reference.

Example:

I went out with Jo on Sunday. She looked awful. ('She' clearly refers to 'Jo', there is no need to repeat her name.)

Source

Cataphoric Reference

• Cataphoric reference means that a word in a text refers to another later in the text and you need to look forward to understand.

Example:

When he arrived, John noticed that the door was open. ('He' refers to 'John.')

Report Structure

1.) To report (verb): to tell somebody what you have heard or see

2.) If we want to say what somebody has said, we basically have two options:

  - We can use the person's exact words in quotation marks "..." (direct speech)

  - We can change the person's words into our own words (reported speech)

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Structures of Reported Speech

Direct speech       
- She said, "It is better to wait."

- He said, "I have never been to Spain."

Reported speech   
- She said (that) it was better to wait.

- He said (that) he had never been to Spain.

Source

Ellipsis Exercise

Source

Choose the correct answer.

1. Harry did his homework, even though he_______.

• didn't want
• didn't want to

2. She said she could use a computer but it was obvious that she_______.

• couldn't use
• couldn't

3. We can't repair your car today but _______tomorrow.

• we can 
• we can repair

4. You don't work as hard as_______.

• you do 
• you should

5. I don't know if I'll pass all my exams but I_______.

• hope to 
• hope

6. Although I could have gone to university, I_______.

• haven't
• didn't

7. Simon broke his brother's computer but he didn't_______.

• mean to
• mean to break

8. She should get a job but she_______.

• didn't
• won't

Answers

1. didn't want to

2. couldn't 

3. we can

4. you should

5. hope to

6. didn't 

7. mean to

8. won't

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