There are five styles in spoken English that have been described by Martin Joos (1961).
1. Frozen
- Unchangeable language in print such as language in the Bible, a law document, wedding vows, the Old Testament
- A language which contains archaisms.
2. Formal
- This is applicable in lectures or talks given by speakers as it only involves one-way participation without interruption.
- This involves two unfamiliar people.
3. Consultative
- This involves a two-way participation and is more natural as fillers and common interruption are allowed.
4. Casual
- This is a style adopted by friends and acquaintances in a social setting.
5. Intimate
- This style is shared between people between people from the same background especially family members and close friends.
- More of non-verbal language and gestures are included in this type of interaction.
- A private vocabulary is common in context.
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